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Coding Considerations
Program Creation
¹ If you specify that a module does not have a main procedure then you cannot
use the CRTBNDRPG command to create the program. (A module does not
have a main procedure if the NOMAIN keyword is specified on a control specifi-
cation.) This is because the CRTBNDRPG command requires that the module
contain a program entry procedure and only a main procedure can be a
program entry procedure.
¹ Similarly, when using CRTPGM to create the program, keep in mind that a
NOMAIN module cannot be an entry module since it does not have a program
entry procedure.
¹ A program that is created to run in the default OPM activation group (by speci-
fying DFTACTGRP(*YES) on the CRTBNDRPG command) cannot contain
bound procedure calls.
Main Procedure Considerations
¹ Because the main procedure is the only procedure with a complete set of spec-
ifications available (except the P specification), it should be used to set up the
environment of all procedures in the module.
¹ A main procedure is always exported, which means that other procedures in
the program can call the main procedure by using bound calls.
¹ The call interface of a main procedure can be defined in one of two ways:
1. Using a prototype and procedure interface
2. Using an *ENTRY PLIST without a prototype
¹ The functionality of an *ENTRY PLIST is similar to a prototyped call interface.
However, a prototyped call interface is much more robust since it provides
parameter checking at compile time. If you prototype the main procedure, then
you specify how it is to be called by specifying either the EXTPROC or
EXTPGM keyword on the prototype definition. If EXTPGM is specified, then an
external program call is used; if EXTPROC is specified or if neither keyword is
specified, it will be called by using a procedure call.
¹ You cannot define return values for a main procedure, nor can you specify that
its parameters be passed by value.
Subprocedure Considerations
¹ Any of the calculation operations may be coded in a subprocedure. However,
all files must be defined globally, so all input and output specifications must be
defined in the main source section. Similarly, all data areas must be defined in
the main procedure, although they can be used in a subprocedure.
¹ The control specification can only be coded in the main source section since it
controls the entire module.
¹ A subprocedure can be called recursively. Each recursive call causes a new
invocation of the procedure to be placed on the call stack. The new invocation
has new storage for all data items in automatic storage, and that storage is
unavailable to other invocations because it is local. (A data item that is defined
in a subprocedure uses automatic storage unless the STATIC keyword is speci-
fied for the definition.)
46 ILE RPG for AS/400 Programmer's Guide
- ILE RPG for AS/400 1
- Programmer's Guide 1
- Third Edition (May 1999) 4
- Contents 5
- Trademarks and Service Marks 14
- Notices xiii 15
- About This Guide 17
- How to Send Your Comments 18
- What's New This Release? 19
- About This Guide xix 21
- About This Guide xxi 23
- ILE RPG Introduction 25
- RPG IV Specifications 27
- Cycle Programming 28
- Subprocedure logic 29
- Indicators 29
- Operation Codes 30
- Example of an ILE RPG Program 30
- 1 6 10 16 31
- The Entire Source Program 34
- Using the OS/400 System 36
- Interacting with the System 36
- AS/400 Tools 37
- AS/400 Tools 38
- AS/400 Tools 39
- Program Creation 41
- RPG Programming in ILE 42
- Program Management 43
- Program Call 43
- Source Debugging 44
- Bindable APIs 44
- Multithreaded Applications 45
- OPM-Compatible Application 47
- Effect of ILE 48
- Related Information 49
- Advanced Application Scenario 54
- A Strategy to Avoid 55
- A Strategy to Avoid 56
- Procedures 57
- Prototyped Calls 58
- Multiple Procedures Module 59
- The Entire ARRSRPT Program 65
- Figure 24. DDS for CUSTFILE 68
- Coding Considerations 69
- General Considerations 69
- Program Creation 70
- Main Procedure Considerations 70
- Subprocedure Considerations 70
- For Further Information 71
- Main Procedures 71
- Subprocedures 71
- Prototyped Call 72
- Concepts 73
- ADTS/400: Programming 75
- Development Manager 75
- Using SEU 76
- Using SEU 77
- Using SQL Statements 79
- Using SQL Statements 80
- Using the CRTBNDRPG Command 81
- Display spooled files 85
- Using a Compiler Listing 87
- Obtaining a Compiler Listing 87
- Customizing a Page Heading 88
- Customizing the Spacing 89
- Correcting Compilation Errors 90
- Using a Compiler Listing 91
- Correcting Run-time Errors 92
- CRTPGM Commands 97
- Using the CRTRPGMOD Command 98
- Creating a NOMAIN Module 99
- Creating a Module Object 100
- Creating a Module Object 101
- Additional Examples 104
- Related CL Commands 104
- Using the CRTPGM Command 106
- Binding Multiple Modules 108
- Using a Binder Listing 109
- Changing a Module or Program 110
- Using the UPDPGM Command 111
- Removing Observability 112
- CL Reference (Abridged) 113
- Service Program Overview 115
- ILE Concepts 116
- Reference (Abridged) 116
- Changing A Service Program 117
- Related CL commands 117
- Sample Service Program 118
- Sample Service Program 119
- Sample Service Program 120
- Creating the Service Program 121
- Binding to a Program 122
- Updating the Service Program 124
- Sample Binder Listing 124
- Chapter 9. Running a Program 127
- CL Programming 128
- Figure 48. DDS for EMPRPT2 130
- Ending an ILE Program 133
- Managing Activation Groups 133
- Managing Activation Groups 134
- Managing Activation Groups 135
- Deleting an Activation Group 136
- Reclaim Resources Command 136
- CL Reference 137
- (Abridged) 137
- Heap Storage Problems 142
- System API Reference 144
- Calling Programs 152
- Calling Procedures 152
- The Call Stack 153
- Recursive Calls 154
- Using a Prototyped Call 157
- Using the CALLP Operation 157
- Calling within an Expression 158
- Examples of Free-Form Call 159
- Passing Prototyped Parameters 159
- Parameter Passing Styles 159
- Passing by Value 160
- Using Operational Descriptors 162
- Omitting Parameters 163
- Passing *OMIT 164
- Leaving Out Parameters 164
- Using %PARMS 165
- 4. Return 166
- Order of Evaluation 170
- Interlanguage Calls 170
- Passing By Reference 171
- Passing By Value 171
- Examples of CALL and CALLB 174
- Using the PLIST Operation 175
- Normal End 176
- Abnormal End 177
- Returning from a Subprocedure 178
- Using Bindable APIs 179
- Calling a Graphics Routine 180
- Calling Special Routines 181
- Multithreading Considerations 181
- Figure 74. Deadlock Example 184
- ¹ Obtain a dump 185
- The ILE Source Debugger 187
- Debug Commands 188
- The ILE Source Debugger 189
- Creating a Root Source View 191
- Creating a COPY Source View 192
- Creating a Listing View 192
- Creating a Statement View 193
- STRDBG Example 195
- Setting Debug Options 195
- OPM source debug support 196
- Program/module 197
- Viewing the Program Source 198
- Viewing a Different Module 199
- Changing the View of a Module 200
- BREAK line-number 203
- CLEAR line-number 203
- DISPLAY MODULE module-name 203
- Condition 206
- BREAK Command 207
- procedure-name 209
- statement-number 211
- CLEAR PGM 212
- Characteristics of Watches 213
- Setting Watch Conditions 214
- Displaying Active Watches 216
- Removing Watch Conditions 216
- following 217
- Stepping Over Call Statements 219
- Stepping Into Call Statements 220
- Displaying Data Structures 227
- Displaying Indicators 228
- Displaying UCS-2 Data 230
- Changing the Value of Fields 232
- EQUATE DC EVAL COUNTER 235
- DISPLAY EQUATE 235
- Exception Handling Overview 241
- which is active on 243
- ILE RPG Exception Handling 244
- Exception Handling Overview 245
- Using Exception Handlers 247
- Exception Handler Priority 247
- Nested Exceptions 247
- Unhandled Exceptions 247
- Using Exception Handlers 248
- Using Exception Handlers 249
- Optimization Considerations 250
- Using RPG-Specific Handlers 250
- ILE RPG for AS/400 Reference 251
- Using an Error Subroutine 252
- ILE Condition Handlers 262
- Using a Condition Handler 262
- ILE Condition Handlers 263
- ILE Condition Handlers 264
- Using Cancel Handlers 268
- Chapter 13. Obtaining a Dump 275
- Example of a Formatted Dump 276
- Feedback Areas 277
- Example of a Formatted Dump 279
- .L/ Optimization level 281
- not in the order 282
- Chapter 14. Defining Files 285
- The SEQ Device 286
- Naming Files 287
- Types of File Descriptions 287
- Types of File Descriptions 288
- Renaming Record-Format Names 290
- Renaming Field Names 290
- Ignoring Record Formats 290
- Using Output Specifications 293
- Level Checking 294
- Data Management 295
- File Locking 299
- Record Locking 300
- Sharing an Open Data Path 301
- Spooling 302
- Output Spooling 303
- SRTSEQ/ALTSEQ 304
- Database Files 305
- Data Files and Source Files 305
- Record Format Specifications 306
- Access Path 306
- Valid Search Arguments 310
- Referring to a Partial Key 310
- ILE RPG for 311
- AS/400 Reference 311
- Indexed File 312
- Exception/Error Handling 313
- Sequential File 314
- Record Address File 314
- Limits Records 315
- Relative Record Numbers 315
- Consecutive Processing 316
- Sequential-by-Key Processing 317
- This example is the 320
- In this example, the 321
- Random-by-Key Processing 323
- Valid File Operations 328
- Valid File Operations 329
- Valid File Operations 330
- Using Commitment Control 331
- Commitment Control Locks 332
- Commitment Control Scoping 332
- Using the COMMIT Operation 333
- Using Commitment Control 334
- Using Commitment Control 335
- DDM Files 336
- Using Pre-V3R1 DDM Files 337
- DDM Files 338
- Types of Device Files 339
- Accessing Printer Devices 340
- Specifying PRINTER Files 340
- Handling Page Overflow 340
- Accessing Printer Devices 341
- Accessing Printer Devices 342
- Specifying Fetch Overflow 346
- Accessing Tape Devices 349
- Accessing Display Devices 350
- Using Sequential Files 350
- Specifying a Sequential File 350
- Using SPECIAL Files 351
- Using SPECIAL Files 352
- Using SPECIAL Files 353
- ICF Programming 355
- DDS Reference 355
- Input fields 356
- Output fields 356
- Output/input (both) fields 356
- Using Subfiles 359
- RECNO field name 360
- Reference 360
- Use of Subfiles 361
- Output Specifications 363
- Input Specifications 364
- Calculation Specifications 364
- Additional Considerations 364
- Valid WORKSTN File Operations 365
- EXFMT Operation 366
- READ Operation 366
- WRITE Operation 366
- Multiple-Device Files 366
- Multiple-Device Files 367
- Multiple-Device Files 368
- Database Physical File 369
- Main Menu Inquiry 370
- CUSMAIN: RPG Source 371
- Main Menu Inquiry 372
- File Maintenance 373
- File Maintenance 374
- CUSMNT: RPG Source 376
- Search by Zip Code 382
- Search by Zip Code 383
- Search by Zip Code 384
- SCHZIP: RPG Source 385
- Search and Inquiry by Name 388
- Search and Inquiry by Name 389
- SCHNAM: RPG Source 390
- Search and Inquiry by Name 392
- Appendixes 395
- Compiling 397
- DBCS Data in Character Fields 401
- Conversion Overview 403
- File Considerations 404
- The Log File 405
- Converting Your Source 406
- The CVTRPGSRC Command 407
- Converting Your Source 408
- Converting Your Source 409
- Performing a Trial Conversion 412
- Obtaining Conversion Reports 413
- Example of Source Conversion 414
- Analyzing Your Conversion 417
- Using the Conversion Report 418
- Analyzing Your Conversion 419
- Using the Log File 420
- Resolving Conversion Problems 422
- Unsupported RPG III Features 422
- Merging Problems 423
- Context-Sensitive Problems 424
- Run-time Differences 427
- Using CL Commands 429
- CRTBNDRPG Command 430
- CRTBNDRPG Command 431
- CRTBNDRPG Command 432
- CRTRPGMOD Command 444
- CRTRPGMOD Command 445
- CRTRPGMOD Command 446
- Appendix D. Compiler Listings 447
- Reading a Compiler Listing 448
- Prologue 448
- Compiler Listings 449
- Source Section 450
- Compiler Listings 452
- Output Buffer Positions 456
- /COPY Member Table 456
- Compile-Time Data 457
- Key Field Information 458
- Cross-Reference Table 458
- External References List 459
- Message Summary 460
- Final Summary 460
- Bibliography 463
- Bibliography 441 465
- Special Characters 467
- Numerics 467
- See also 468
- (continued) 469
- Index 447 471
- Index 449 473
- Index 453 477
- Index 459 483
- Index 463 487
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